Contact Us Start studying Health Issues in African American Communities (Infant Mortality rate). In 2018, the most recent year for which data was available, the infant mortality rate for black babies in Detroit was 15.9 while for white babies it was 7.1. According to the latest estimates, the US currently ranks 44th among 199 countries of all income levels, with an infant mortality rate of 5.6 deaths per 1,000 live births in 2015, about 3 times the rate observed for countries at the very top of the ranking . Served 364 African-American women between the ages of 18-34, having zero preventable infant deaths and better-than-average rates of pre-term and low-birthweight deliveries. In 2018, there were 36 infant deaths in Forsyth — 15 African Americans, 15 whites and six Hispanics — for an overall rate of 8.3 for every 1,000 live births. This fact embodies the country’s struggle with racism. Conduct research to identify best practices and effective interventions for improving the quality and safety of maternity care. Infant Mortality Statistics from the 2017 Period Linked Birth/Infant Death Data Set. The overall infant mortality rate in 2013 was 7.2 deaths per 1000 live births, but for Black infants, the rate … Infant Mortality Statistics from the 2017 Period Linked Birth/Infant Death Data Set. Most women deliver in their homes as medical centers are not available. These risk factors55 include, but are not limited to: Although evidence suggests that maternal and infant mortality are greatly influenced by mothers’ life circumstances growing up, health care institutions often deepen racial disparities. African Americans had over twice the sudden infant death syndrome mortality rate as non-Hispanic whites, in 2017. The infant mortality rate for South Africa in 2019 was 26.505 deaths per 1000 live births, a 2.69% decline from 2018. According to research conducted by Parker Dominguez, Caucasian and Asian women have the best pregnancy outcomes in the U.S., followed by Latinas, Native Americans and finally, African Americans. Infant Mortality Fact Sheet October 2, 2018 What is Infant Mortality? In their investigation of U.S. maternal mortality, NPR and ProPublica collected more than 200 stories from African American mothers and discovered that feeling devalued and disrespected by medical providers was a unifying theme.61 Mothers also frequently reported that medical staff did not take their pain seriously, consistent with earlier studies that found pain is often undertreated in African American patients.62, Advocates, practitioners, and policymakers are spearheading efforts to raise awareness and address the dire state of maternal and infant mortality in the United States. The African American infant mortality rate reached an all-time low, decreasing by 9% since 2016 to 12.2 in 2018, but it is still more than twice the white infant mortality rate at 5.0 in 2018. Most research on health disparities in maternal and infant mortality focus on African American women’s greater exposure to risk factors around the time of pregnancy, including poverty and low socioeconomic status; limited access to prenatal care; and poor physical and mental health.20 Although African American women are more likely than non-Hispanic white women to experience these interrelated risk factors, research shows that this greater likelihood does not fully account for the racial gap in outcomes; rather, these disparities stem from racial and gender discrimination over the life span of these women. Recent studies have also shown that, in Texas, deep funding cuts to family planning services correlated with dramatic increases in the maternal mortality rate. A few states, including California65 and North Carolina,66 have developed health care and research collaborative groups to improve health outcomes for women and infants. In 1850, the black infant-mortality rate was 340 per 1,000 (compared with 217 per 1,000 for whites). Table 5. https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr68/nvsr68_10-508.pdf [474.53KB], Source:  CDC 2019. Purpose: A Black infant dies every 13 hours in the state of Indiana. Source:  CDC 2019. Four months later, she suffered another heart attack. (791.9/100,000) . ↩. "It is estimated that the black IMR has been roughly twice that of the white IMR for over 35 years. “African-American women have disproportionately high rates of preterm delivery, low birth weight and infant mortality,” Parker Dominguez said. However, these changes only partly explain the growing number of recorded maternal deaths in the last decades. (see text box) Women in the United States are two to three times more likely to die than Canadian women in the maternal period—from the start of pregnancy to one year after delivery or termination.10 Similarly… Infant Mortality Among African Americans Project. Studies show that once African American women access prenatal care, it tends to be of lower quality and the women experience more complications. For immediate release: January 10, 2018 (18-005) Contact: Dave Johnson, Strategic Communications Office 360-545-2944 WA infant mortality rate below U.S. rate, disparities still remain. See Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluations, “Health-related SDGs,” available at, Sarah Kliff, “American kids are 70 percent more likely to die before adulthood than kids in other rich countries,” Vox, January 8, 2018, available at, OECD.Stat, “Health Status: Maternal and infant mortality,” available at, Arialdi M. Minino and others, “Deaths: Final Data for 2000” (Atlanta: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2002), available at, It is important to note that the some of the increase in U.S. maternal mortality rates in the last two decades can be attributed to better surveillance and changes in how the country classifies maternal deaths. Table 2. women.31 A related study comparing infant mortality rates of obese African American and non-Hispanic white mothers showed that non-Hispanic white women experienced uniformly lower risk.32 &us, higher rates of obesity among African American women do not explain the racial disparity in infant or maternal mortality. Infant mortality is the death of an infant before their first birthday. This may partly be due to differing quality of prenatal care. leadership and concerted action. The MMR and IMR for non-Hispanic white women in the United States are close to national MMR and IMR averages of high-income countries, whereas the MMR and IMR for African American women are closer to national averages of countries with less-developed economies.12, Maternal mortality rates in the United States plummeted over the 20th century;13 however, non-Hispanic white women experienced a steeper decline in maternal mortality than did African American women—introducing a racial gap that persists today.14 After decades of dramatic progress, maternal mortality in the United States is once again climbing for women of all races, increasing nearly 27 percent from 2000 to 2014.15 Importantly, the United States is the only developed country for which this is true.16, Like maternal mortality, infant mortality in the United States sharply declined over the 20th century. The Mahoning County Pathways HUB (the HUB) is working to reduce this disparity. The infant mortality rate in Guinea-Bissau ranks third in Africa with an approximate rate of 86 out of ,1000 live births. https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr67/nvsr67_08-508.pdf [987.68KB], Source:  CDC 2019. Conduct comprehensive, nationwide data collection on maternal deaths and complications—with data disaggregated by race, geography, and socioeconomic status. Conduct better assessments and analysis on the impact of overt and covert racism on toxic stress and pregnancy-related outcomes for women and infants of color. Numerous studies show that after controlling for education and socioeconomic status, African American women remain at higher risk for maternal and infant mortality. However, the racial gap in infant mortality rates has been present since these data started being collected by the government and hospitals more than 100 years ago, and it has not significantly changed in more than 50 years.17 Higher rates of preterm births and low birth weights among African American women drive this gap: African American infants are 3.2 times more likely than non-Hispanic white infants to die from complications related to low birth weight.18 Across racial groups, more deaths occur in the neonatal period—from birth to 1 month—than in the post neonatal period—from 1 month to 1 year.19. News Release. Although recent attention on cases such as those of Erica Garner and Serena Williams shed light on an important problem, real change will require greater knowledge of why African American women and infants are most likely to die as the result of pregnancy-related complications. Although no single cause for the decline was found, a number of factors may be contributing, such as: Black-White Infant Mortality Gap Report March 2018 This 5-year project, which ended in July 2020, aimed to address the wide spectrum of factors that contribute to the high infant mortality rate among U.S.-born African Americans living in Hennepin County. https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr68/nvsr68_10-508.pdf [474.53KB], Source:  CDC 2019. Electronic address: Lcamankwaa@bellsouth.net. Infant Mortality Statistics from the 2017 Period Linked Birth/Infant Death Data Set. This one put her into a coma from which she never awoke. Maternal mental health issues among African American women are largely underreported and symptoms often go unaddressed.36 Moreover, mental health care is often inadequate to address the unique challenges they face as women of color, including race and gender discrimination in the workplace and beyond. African-American babies born in Wisconsin die before age 1 at a higher rate than any other state in the nation, according to a new report from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. One of the Healthy People 2020 objectives is an infant mortality rate of no more than 6.0 infant deaths per 1,000 live births by … Infant Mortality Statistics from the 2017 Period Linked Birth/Infant Death Data Set. In fact, the United Kingdom has recently urged the United Nations to include pregnant transgender or intersex individuals in its protections for pregnant people. Healthy People 2020 is a federal plan that provides national objectives for improving the health of Americans. The United States has the highest maternal mortality rate of any developed country, and African American women like Kira are overly affected. Data from 2011-2015 show that the infant mortality rate for American Indians (10.4) and for African Americans (9.6) was more than double the rate for whites (4.2). The toll of infant mortality on a community is measured using the Infant Mortality Rate (IMR). No claims are made regarding the accuracy of Infant mortality rate - total (deaths/1,000 live births) information contained here. The lives of African American women and infants depend on it. S. Winter, “The Racial Ecology of Lead Poisoning: Toxic Inequality in Chicago Neighborhoods, 1995–2013,” (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University, 2016), available at, Kate Bahn, “Economics of Misogyny,” Center for American Progress, September 28, 2017, available at, Jocelyn Frye, “The Missing Conversation About Work and Family: Unique Challenges Facing Women of Color” (Washington: Center for American Progress, 2016), available at, Jessica Dickerson, “’72 Percent’ Documentary Confronts the Black Community’s Single-Parent ‘Epidemic,’” HuffPost, August 5, 2014, available at, Sonja Entringer, “Impact of stress and stress physiology during pregnancy on child metabolic function and obesity risk,”, Arline T. Geronimus and others, “‘Weathering’ and Age Patterns of Allostatic Load Scores Among Blacks and Whites in the United States,”, Tiffany L. Green, “Black and Immigrant: Exploring the Effects of Ethnicity and Foreign-Born Status on Infant Health” (Washington: Migration Policy Institute, 2012), available at available at, Arline T. Geronimus, “The effects of race, residence, and prenatal care on the relationship of maternal age to neonatal mortality,”, Mikko Myrskyla and Andrew Fenelon, “Maternal Age and Offspring Adult Health: Evidence From the Health and Retirement Study,”, Geronimus and others, “‘Weathering’ and Age Patterns of Allostatic Load Scores Among Blacks and Whites in the United States.”, Institute for Education Sciences, National Center for Education Statistics, “Fast Facts, Enrollment,” available at, Allison Shertzer and Randall P. Walsh, “Racial Sorting and the Emergence of Segregation in American Cities.” Working Paper 22077 (National Bureau of Economic Research, 2017), available at, Allan S. Noonan, Hector Eduardo Velasco-Mondragon, and Fernando A. Wagner, “Improving the health of African Americans in the USA: an overdue opportunity for social justice,”, Center for Reproductive Rights, “Addressing Disparities in Reproductive and Sexual Health Care in the U.S.,” available at. That year, the reported black infant-mortality rate was 340 per 1,000; the white rate was 217 per 1,000. Shortly after giving birth to her son in August 2017, 27-year-old activist and Black Lives Matter icon Erica Garner suffered her first heart attack. (see text box) Women in the United States are two to three times more likely to die than Canadian women in the maternal period—from the start of pregnancy to one year after delivery or termination.10 Similarly, infants in the United States have a 76 percent higher risk of death compared with infants in other wealthy nations.11 Disaggregating data by race reveals that higher rates of maternal and infant death among African American women drive the United States’ mortality crisis. The United States has a dismal track record when it comes to maternal and infant mortality. Between 2006-2018 the white infant mortality rate has declined slightly, while the black rate has declined by 25% due to a reduction of infant deaths since 2005. In addition to giving us key information about maternal and infant health, the infant mortality rate is an important marker of the overall health of a society. Racism’s harmful effects must be dissected to adequately address racial disparities in infant and maternal health. Laurel Wamsley, “Erica Garner, Who Became An Activist After Her Father’s Death, Dies,” NPR, December 30, 2017, available at, Katie Mitchell, “After Erica Garner’s Death, We Need To Talk About How Maternal Mortality Affects Black Women,” Bustle, It is important to note that not all people facing these issues identify as women. Finally, note that America Health Rankings puts the overall infant mortality rate for Ohio at 7 per 1000 live births, suggesting that blacks have an infant mortality rate of only two times that of the general population. Lu and Halfon’s alternative model, known as the life course perspective, rests on two mechanisms backed by empirical evidence to acknowledge these forces: the early programming model and the cumulative pathway model. Produce data sets that include information on social and environmental risk factors for women and infants of color. the conversation, but to change the country. To assess maternal and infant health, public health researchers and development experts report the maternal mortality rate (MMR) and the infant mortality rate (IMR). Jamila Taylor is a senior fellow at the Center. Smoking and drug abuse are risk behaviors that strongly predict preterm delivery, low birth weight,26 and sudden infant death syndrome.27 However, several studies show that African American women are less likely to report smoking cigarettes than are non-Hispanic white women, and they are also no more likely to abuse alcohol or drugs during their pregnancy.28. National Vital Statistics Reports. Table 5. Nearly all states have racial disparities when it comes to infant mortality, but Wisconsin has the nation’s highest gap between white and black babies. Governor Cooper’s Early Childhood Action Plan set a goal for reducing the … Shahul H. Ebrahim and others, “Trends in pregnancy-related smoking rates in the United States, 1987-1996,” JAMA 283 (3) (2000): 361–366, available at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10647799. and the largest decreases have been seen in the African American/Black infant mortality rate. An alternative approach proposed by Michael Lu and Neal Halfon posits that racial disparities reflect altogether different developmental trajectories.38 That is, the social and economic forces of institutional racism set African American and non-Hispanic white women on distinct life tracks, with long-term consequences for their health and the health of their future children. The rate varies from state to state and across race and ethnicities. A growing body of research suggests that stress induced by this discrimination plays a significant role in maternal and infant mortality.8 This issue brief synthesizes research explaining the racial disparities in maternal and infant mortality rates and articulates how institutional racism contributes to both. The African American (AA) mortality rate for SCC was 33% higher than the AA mortality rate for the U.S. (1,365.6 and 1,026.5/100,000 respectively). The overall rate in 2019 (not counting December) was 7.75 per 1,000 live births, compared to 8.65 in 2018. The experience of systematic racial bias—not race itself—compromises health. The infant mortality rate (IMR) is a key national indicator of population health. The MMR is the number of maternal deaths per 100,000 live births annually, and the IMR is the number of infant deaths per 1,000 live births annually. African American women of all backgrounds—including Garner and Williams—share experiences of racial and gender discrimination. Indeed, studies show that African American teen mothers have lower infant mortality rates than African American mothers in their twenties.50 Since the births of young mothers are generally associated with poor health outcomes,51 this is a surprising finding and has been taken as strong evidence for the weathering52 hypothesis—the idea that cumulative stress negatively affects African American women’s health. The state with the lowest rate was New Hampshire, at 3.6 out of 1,000 live births. See Marian F. MacDorman and others, “Is the United States Maternal Mortality Rate Increasing? Causes of Higher Infant Mortality Rate Among African American Women. https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr68/nvsr68_10-508.pdf [474.53KB], https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr68/nvsr68_10-508.pdf. Guinea-Bissau - 86 per 1,000. 2007 and 2012, the state infant mortality rate has crept up slightly in the past few years. Conduct research to identify effective interventions for addressing social determinants of health disparities in maternal and infant health outcomes. Program: Women Inspired Neighborhood Network The infant mortality rate for South Africa in 2018 was 27.238 deaths per 1000 live births, a 4.02% decline from 2017. Due to the United States’ history of racial segregation, the constellation of risk and protective factors—such as African American women having the highest rates of college enrollment out of any demographic group53—may look different for African Americans and non-Hispanic whites.54 These populations are differentially exposed to social and environmental risk factors. For example, research links maternal depression and anxiety during pregnancy to a higher risk of obesity and diabetes among offspring.46 Obesity and diabetes are well-known maternal risk factors that threaten the lives of pregnant women and their infants. See Haroon Siddique “UK lobbies for trans rights in UN treaty but allows term ‘pregnant women,’”, The authors acknowledge that other groups, particularly Native American women, also experience elevated rates of maternal and infant death. Infant mortality is a common indicator of a country’s overall health and economic progress. 1999 1 3 3-2005 7 -2009 11 13 15 17 Infant Mortality Rate in Denver by Race & Ethnicity, 1997-2018 Deaths per 1,000 Live Births 25 20 15 10 5 0 White/Non-Hispanic White/Hispanic Black/African American African-American mothers' persistent excessive maternal death rates. Obesity—which is associated with pregnancy complications such as preeclampsia29—predicts both maternal and infant mortality and is more prevalent among African American women.30 Yet a recent study from the New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene showed that African American women of normal weight were still at higher risk of dying in the perinatal period than non-African American obese women.31 A related study comparing infant mortality rates of obese African American and non-Hispanic white mothers showed that non-Hispanic white women experienced uniformly lower risk.32 Thus, higher rates of obesity among African American women do not explain the racial disparity in infant or maternal mortality. Protecting the health of mothers and infants is a critical measure of a country’s development. Indeed, one study showed that after controlling for income; gestational age; and maternal age and health status, the odds of dying from pregnancy or delivery complications were almost three times higher for African American women than they were for non-Hispanic white women.21 Relatedly, another analysis, controlling for the same factors, showed that college-educated African American women were almost three times more likely to lose their infants than their similarly educated non-Hispanic white peers.22, Early and adequate prenatal care is designed to promote healthy pregnancies and reduce maternal and infant mortality through maternal health screening, parent education, and counseling on healthy behaviors.23 Although research shows that a lower percentage of African American women have access to prenatal care than do non-Hispanic white women, differences in prenatal care access fail to explain any racial disparities in maternal and infant mortality.24 In fact, African American women who initiated prenatal care in the first trimester still had higher rates of infant mortality than non-Hispanic white women with late or no prenatal care.25. Between 2016-2018, the rate increased to 12.2 deaths per 1,000 births. Guinea-Bissau - 86 per 1,000. The infant mortality rate is the number of infant deaths for every 1,000 live births. For example, women of color are less likely to have access to vital reproductive health services including family planning; abortion; and screenings for sexually transmitted infections and cervical cancer, when compared with non-Hispanic white women.56 Studies also show that African American women receive lower-quality health care generally, which results in higher risk for mortality across the life span for this population.57 This contributes to racial disparities in pregnancy-related risk factors—such as hypertension, anemia, gestational diabetes, and obesity58—and other conditions such as heart disease, HIV, AIDS, and cancer.59 Relatedly, African American infants receive lower-quality care than non-Hispanic white infants within the same neonatal intensive care units.60, Another problem is inadequate bias training among the health care workforce. 2018 infant death rate of 6.3 per 1,000 live births was 9 percent higher than the most recent national rate of 5.8 in 2017. There was a slight decline in Ohio's infant mortality rate from 7.4 per 1,000 live births in 2016 to 7.2 in 2017. In 2017, African American mothers were 2.3 times more likely than non-Hispanic white mothers to receive late or no prenatal care. Download Historical Data Save as Image. National Vital Statistics Reports. Significant disparity in outcomes betweenBlack and W hite infants continue. Helped over 1,000 non-pregnant women improve knowledge around infant mortality, health literacy, healthy living … The primary cause of infant deaths in the Central African Republic is the absence of health facilities. According to Smith, Bentley-Edwards, El-Amin, & Darity (2018), women … Table 13. https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr67/nvsr67_08-508.pdf. In 2018, the state with the highest infant mortality rate was Mississippi, at 8.3 out of 1,000 live births. During that same time period, the infant mortality rate in Ramsey County The infant mortality rate (IMR) is a key national indicator of population health. One of the wealthiest countries in the world, the U.S. has fallen behind and now ranks 32 nd in maternal mortality and 33rd in infant mortality out of the 36 wealthiest nations. This means that even if African American and non-Hispanic white women report similar levels of stress during their pregnancies, African American women’s increased exposure to stress throughout their lifetimes increases their allostatic load, which increases their risk of maternal and infant mortality. Cristina Novoa is a policy analyst for Early Childhood at the Center for American Progress. OLYMPIA – Washington ranks eighth in the nation for the lowest infant deaths, yet African-American and American Indian families still experience disproportionate rates of infant mortality. It reviews empirical literature on maternal and infant mortality, concluding that the greater prevalence of maternal health risk factors among African American women cannot account entirely for their higher mortality rates. In order to address trends in adverse experiences during pregnancy and the postpartum period, policymakers should consider African American women’s lack of access to appropriate mental health care screening and services as well as the link between increased stress and maternal mental health. The ratio between African-American and white infant mortality rates (IMR) in 2013 was 2.1 while the ratio in 2018 was 1.9 which indicates an almost 10% decrease in the ratio between races. Federal, state, and local leaders from various states can also share lessons learned through the Alliance for Innovation in Maternal Health and the Collaborative Improvement and Innovation Networks addressing maternal and infant health. Infant mortality rate decline was greater in Medicaid expansion states, with greater declines among African American infants. Infant Mortality Rates (Atlanta: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2011), available at, U.S Department of Health and Human Services Office of Minority Health, “Infant Mortality and African Americans,” available at, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, “Table 10: Infant, neonatal, postneonatal, fetal, and perinatal mortality rates, by detailed race and Hispanic origin of mother: United States, selected years 1983–2013,” available at, Lu and Halfon, “Racial and ethnic disparities in birth outcomes.”, Margaret A. Harper and others, “Racial disparity in pregnancy-related mortality following a live birth outcome,”, California Newsreel, “How Racism Impacts Pregnancy Outcomes.”, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Office on Women’s Health, “Prenatal care and tests,” available at, Joyce A. Martins and others, “Births: Final Data for 2006” (Atlanta: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2009), available at, T.J. Matthew, Marian F. MacDorman, and Fay Menacker, “Infant Mortality Statistics from the 1999 Period Linked Birth/Infant Death Data Set” (Atlanta: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2002), available at, Mayo Clinic, “Premature birth,” available at, Kirsten Wisborg and others, “A prospective study of smoking during pregnancy and SIDS,”, Laurie F. Beck and others, “Prevalence of selected maternal behaviors and experiences, Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System (PRAMS), 1999,”, James R. Roberts and others, “The Role of Obesity in Preeclampsia,”, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, “CDC Health Disparities and Inequalities Report—United States, 2011” (2011), available at, New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, “New York City, 2008–2012, Severe Maternal Morbidity” (2016), available at, Hamisu M. Salihu and others, “Extreme Obesity and Risk of Stillbirth Among Black and White Gravidas,”, Nia Hamm, “High Rates of Depression Among African-American Women, Low Rates of Treatment,” HuffPost, September 25, 2014, available at, R.L Goldenberg and others, “Medical, psychological, and behavioral risk factors do not explain the increased risk of low birth weight among black women,”, Jamila Taylor and Christy M. Gamble, “Suffering in Silence: Mood Disorders Among Pregnant and Postpartum Women of Color” (Washington: Center for American Progress, 2017), available at, Hamm, “High Rates of Depression Among African-American Women, Low Rates of Treatment.”, Gene Demby, “For People of Color, A Housing Market Partially Hidden From View,” NPR, Robert J. Sampson and Alix. Do not compare favorably with those of other developed countries, disaggregating by!, representing no progress from the 2017 Period Linked Birth/Infant death Data Set struggle with.... 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