Xipe Totec was widely worshipped in central Mexico at the time of the Spanish Conquest,[6] and was known throughout most of Mesoamerica. The gladiator sacrifice involved tying an especially brave captive warrior to a large, carved circular stone and forcing him to fight a … National Institute of Anthropology and History, Archaeologists have found a temple to the ‘Flayed Lord’ in Mexico, "Mexican experts discover first temple of god depicted as skinned human corpse", "Museo de América (Catalogue - item 1991/11/48)", "Las representaciones de Xipe Totec en la frontera sur Mesoamericana", "La música en la fiesta del dios Xipe Totec", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Xipe_Totec&oldid=996712957, Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages, Articles containing Classical Nahuatl-language text, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This page was last edited on 28 December 2020, at 06:05. [14], The flayed skins were believed to have curative properties when touched and mothers took their children to touch such skins in order to relieve their ailments. It was called the snake festival and it was during this time when most sacrifices were in the name of xipe totec. They were seated and offered Xipe Totec an uncooked tart of ground maize, many ears of corn that had been broken apart in order to get to the seeds, along with fruits and flowers. [44] Xipe was a patron to all metalworkers (teocuitlapizque), but he was particularly associated with the goldsmiths. Ontdek de perfecte stockfoto's over Xipe Totec Aztec Dancers en redactionele nieuwsbeelden van Getty Images Kies uit premium Xipe Totec Aztec Dancers van de hoogste kwaliteit. [41] At the end of the Tlacaxipehualiztli festival, gladiator sacrifice (known as tlauauaniliztli) was carried out by five Aztec warriors; two jaguar warriors, two eagle warriors and a fifth, left-handed warrior. Those skins were painted and then worn by others during a ceremony and in this manner, they would be transformed into the living image ("teotl ixiptla") of Xipe Totec. [6] He was sometimes depicted with a yellow shield and carrying a container filled with seeds. Transformed into the god, the victims were led through a series of rituals performing as Xipe Totec, then they were sacrificed and their body parts distributed among the community. Sacrifice. "flaying of men"). Despite that rather calm set of responsibilities, the god's name means "Our Lord with the Flayed Skin" or "Our Lord the Flayed One," and ceremonies celebrating Xipe were closely allied with violence and death. A smashed version of Xipe Totec was also found at Teotihuacan by the Swedish archaeologist Sigvald Linné, exhibiting stylistic characteristics of Zapotec art from Oaxaca state. Smith 1996, 2003, p.252. He had a temple called Yopico within the Great Temple of Tenochtitlan. ThoughtCo uses cookies to provide you with a great user experience. In Toltec art, Xipe is associated with bats and sometimes bat icons decorate the statues. Worshipping Xipe Totec. [45] Among this group, those who stole gold or silver were sacrificed to Xipe Totec. (Psytrance) from Japan Transubtil records Producer,Dj MAZE SOUND His name literally meant "our lord the skinned" and he was depicted covered with a flayed human skin that signified renewal and rebirth. In Aztec mythology and religion, Xipe Totec ("Fleeced-Lord") was a life-death-rebirth deity, god of agriculture, vegetation, the east, disease, spring, goldsmiths, silversmiths and the seasons. Often, a painted hand covers the gaping mouth. In some cases, some parts of the human skin covering is painted yellowish-gray. While in the houses, they sat down on sheaves of tzapote leaves and put on necklaces which were made of ears of corn and flowers. As a weapon he was given a macuahuitl (a wooden sword with blades formed from obsidian) with the obsidian blades replaced with feathers. Fleeced-Lord was also known by the alternative names Tlatlauhca , Tlatlauhqui Tezcatlipoca ("Red Smoking Mirror") and Youalahuan ("the Night Drinker"). [4] The Tlaxcaltecs and the Huexotzincas worshipped a version of the deity under the name of Camaxtli,[5] and the god has been identified with Yopi, a Zapotec god represented on Classic Period urns. Xipe Totec flayed himself to give food to humanity, symbolic of the maize seed losing the … [23] One Xipe Totec sculpture was carved from volcanic rock, and portrays a man standing on a small pedestal. The smiths performed their own sacrifices to Xipe Totec. Miller & Taube 1993, 2003, p.188. The Petroglyphic Prayers on the Sun Stone of Motecuhzoma Ilhuicamina, The Flayed God and His Rattle-Stick: A Shamanic Element in Pre-Hispanic Mesoamerican Religion, Ph.D., Anthropology, University of California Riverside, M.A., Anthropology, University of California Riverside, Xipe Totec ("Our Lord the Flayed One") is the Aztec god of fertility, abundance, and agricultural renewal, He is most often illustrated as a priest or shaman wearing the skin of another person, He was one of the four gods who make up the Aztec underworld, Cult activities in honor of Xipe Totec were the gladiator and arrow sacrifices. [6] The female equivalent of Xipe Totec was the goddess Xilonen-Chicomecoatl. The gladiator sacrifice involved tying an especially brave captive warrior to a large, carved circular stone and forcing him to fight a mock battle with an experienced Mexica soldier. [22] His body is often painted yellow on one side and tan on the other. Archaeologists discover Mexico temple to Xipe Totec, ‘the Flayed Lord’ whose human sacrifices were skinned ... How Ching Ming’s paper offerings evolved from human sacrifice. The victims of this sacrifice would be killed and then flayed—their skins removed in large pieces. ‘The Fight Between the Sacrifice and He Who Sacrifices’ by Juan de Tovar, circa 1546-1626. The myth of Xipe Tótec He tells us that this god was skinned Fernández 1992, 1996, p.60. Xipe Totec also often holds a cup in one hand and a shield in the other; but in some depictions, Xipe holds a chicahuaztli, a staff terminating in a point with a hollow rattling head filled with pebbles or seeds. Without his skin, he was depicted as a gold en god. Xipe Totec is a god of agricultural renewal. Neumann 1976, pp.252. Xipe Totec was venerated by the Toltecs and Aztecs . Gold ornaments were put in the nose and nasal septum. Matos Moctezuma & Solis Olguín 2002, p.423. Xipe Totec was widely worshipped in central Mexico at the time of the Spanish Conquest, and … [6], In January 2019, Mexican archaeologists from the National Institute of Anthropology and History confirmed that they had discovered the first known surviving temple dedicated to Xipe Totec in the Puebla state of Mexico. Xipe Totec was but one of the gods that the Aztecs sought to appease through human sacrifice. wikipedia Gender: Male Type: God Celebration or Feast Day: Unknown at present. These sacrificial victims, usually war captives, would typically be killed by having their hearts removed. It is thought that Xipe Totec was introduced into the Aztec pantheon during the kingdom of the emperor Axayácatl (ruled 1468–1481). Cult activities conducted in honor of Xipe Totec included two spectacular forms of sacrifice: the gladiator sacrifice and the arrow sacrifice. Various methods of human sacrifice were used to honour this god. [14] New vegetation was represented by putting on the new skin of a flayed captive because it symbolized the vegetation the earth puts on when the rain comes. Xipe Totec Facts and Figures. From the Xipe Totec's Ep "Rebirth Into Essence"Contacts: www.myspace.com/xipetotecimola Plate depicting god of earth and spring, known as Xipe Totec, "Our Lord The Flayed One." Matos Moctezuma & Solis Olguín 2002, pp.54-5. Xipe Totec’s Temple Xipe Totec’s dark, cave-like temple was called Yopico (‘the place of Yopi’, Xipe Totec’s Zapotec name). This way of presenting it obeyed the legend of Xipe Tótec . Xipe Totec is the god of agriculture, rebirth, goldsmiths, sickness, sacrifice, and the changing of the seasons. Also known as The Flayed One, Xipe Totec is the god of Spring, goldsmiths, torture, and more. As an example, during Tlacaxipehualiztli (meaning the ‘Flaying of Men’), which is the second ritual month in the Aztec calendar, the priests of Xipe Totec would offer human sacrifices to appease the god, as well as to ensure that they would have a good harvest that year. Their skins would … 563 talking about this. The bodies were flayed, and the skins dyed yellow to make Teocuitlaquemitl. Xipe Totec emerging from rotting, flayed skin after twenty days symbolised rebirth and the renewal of the seasons, the casting off of the old and the growth of new vegetation. Hij was een god die heerste over de drie-eenheid van leven, dood en wederopstanding. [30] Forty days before the festival of Xipe Totec, a slave who was captured at war was dressed to represent the living god who was honored during this period. Xipe-Totec Tlacaxipehualiztli Aztec gladiatorial sacrifice Xipe Xipetótec In Aztec mythology and religion, Xipe Totec or Xipetotec ("Our Lord the Flayed One") was a life-death-rebirth deity, god of agriculture, vegetation, the east, disease, spring, goldsmiths, silversmiths, liberation and the seasons. During the festival of Tlacaxipehualiztli, dances and ritual battles were performed, culminating in the gladitorial sacrifice of captives. The worship of this spirit involves a human sacrifice in a ritual of flaying human skin called Tlacazipehualizli. Posted by Xipe Totec | Wed Dec 28, 2016, 05:44 PM (0 replies) The Poinsettia - How a flower from Mexico became a world-wide symbol of Christmas The poinsettia (/pɔɪnˈsɛtiə/ or /pɔɪnˈsɛtə/) (Euphorbia pulcherrima) is a commercially important plant species of the diverse spurge family. The Flayed One does not have a skin of his own so his followers flay a carefully-chosen sacrifice to do so. This was practiced on the second ritual month of the Aztec year and involved the killing of people through the removal of their hearts. [44], Other forms of sacrifice were sometimes used; at times the victim was cast into a firepit and burned, others had their throats cut.[40]. Matos Moctezuma & Solis Olguín 2002, p.426. Cult activities conducted in honor of Xipe Totec included two spectacular forms of sacrifice: the gladiator sacrifice and the arrow sacrifice. He flayed himself to give food to humanity, symbolic of the maize seed losing the outer layer of the seed before germination and of snakes shedding their skin. Human sacrifice was an important aspect of Aztec religion. Neumann 1976, p.255. Fernández 1992, 1996, p.60. [37], The goldsmiths also participated in Tlacaxipehualizti. He was considered the god of spring, the patron god of seeds and planting and the patron of metal workers (especially goldsmiths) and gemstone workers. [31] The central ritual act of "Tlacaxipehualiztli" was the gladiatorial sacrifice of war prisoners, which both began and culminated the festival. On the dress, they put a crown made of rich feathers, which was also a wig of false hair. The skin symbolizes the outer husk of a seed prior to germination. Matos Moctezuma & Solis Olguín 2002, p.422, Matos Moctezuma & Solis Olguín 2002, p.478, Matos Moctezuma & Solis Olguín 2002, p.423. In the "arrow sacrifice," the victim was tied spread-eagled to a wooden frame and then shot full of arrows so that his blood dripped to the ground. These containers were then stored in a chamber beneath the temple. Michael D. Coe & Rex Koontz 1962, 1977, 1984, 1994, 2002, 2008, p.207. As we have described in another article on Tlaloc, the rain god, caves were symbolic of fertility and renewal. [24][25] In most of Xipe Totec sculptures, artists always make emphasis in his sacrificial and renewal nature by portraying the different layers of skin. The cult of death surrounding these four gods had numerous celebrations throughout the Aztec calendar year that were directly related to death and ancestor worship. "The Aztec practice was to perform the sacrificial death in one or more places, but to ritually store the skins in another after they had been worn by living humans." Perhaps the most gruesome image created by the Aztecs is Xipe Totec, a living man (probably a cult priest) who wears on his head and torso the flayed skin of a sacrificed human. ( Public Domain ) Insights into Xipe Totec . The chest has an incision, made in order to extract the heart of the victim before flaying. [38], Various methods of human sacrifice were used to honour this god. [40] The spilling of the victim's blood to the ground was symbolic of the desired abundant rainfall, with a hopeful result of plentiful crops. His adversary was fully armed and dressed for battle. In Aztec mythology, Xipe was the son of the dual male-female divinity Ometeotl, a powerful fertility god and the most ancient god in the Aztec pantheon. The Aztec god Xipe Totec was clearly a late version of a pan-Mesoamerican god, with earlier versions of Xipe's compelling imagery found in places such as the classic Maya representation on Copan Stela3, and perhaps associated with the Maya God Q, he of violent death and execution. Read more. The image of Xipe Totec is easily recognizable in statues, figurines, and other portraits because his body is depicted as completely covered by the skin of a sacrificial victim. He was the god of rebirth and renewal of the seasons. Xipe Totec, (Nahuatl: “Our Lord the Flayed One”) Mesoamerican god of spring and new vegetation and patron of goldsmiths. [10] He had a temple called Yopico within the Great Temple of Tenochtitlan. The entire city and rulers or nobles of enemy tribes would witness this ceremony. Matos Moctezuma 1988, p.181. Xipe Totec is a god of agricultural renewal. [2] [7] Representations of the god have been found as far away as Mayapan in the Yucatán Peninsula. Xipe Totec: | | ||| | Xipe Totec as depicted in the Codex Borgia, notice the... World Heritage Encyclopedia, the aggregation of the largest online encyclopedias available, and … The effigy represents a flayed human skin worn by a human impersonator. [39], "Arrow sacrifice" was another method used by the worshippers of Xipe Totec. Xipe Totec (pronounced Shee-PAY-toh-teck) was the Aztec god of fertility, abundance, and agricultural renewal, as well as the patron deity of goldsmiths and other craftsmen. The deity probably became an important Aztec god as a result of the Aztec conquest of the Gulf Coast in the middle of the fifteenth century. In Aztec mythology, Xipe Totec ("our lord the flayed one") was a life-death-rebirth deity, god of agriculture, the west, disease, spring, goldsmith s and the seasons. He is usually painted yellow or gold to symbolize abundance. Xipe Totec, Our Lord the Flayed One. Name: Xipe Totec Pronunciation: Coming soon Alternative names: Xipe. [32] On the next day of the festival, the game of canes was performed in the manner of two bands. Xipe Totec mask . Xipe Totec was believed by the Aztecs to be the god that invented war. Matos Moctezuma & Solis Olguín 2002, p.468. Xipe wears a red "swallowtail" headdress with a red ribbon or a conical hat and a skirt of zapote leaves. They had them put on garlands and give them pulque to drink, which was their wine. He is associated with rejuvenation and spring time. These rituals also provided body part war trophies, in which the warriors who captured the victim were awarded a femur to display at home. This article was written by Nicoletta Maestri and edited and updated by K. Kris Hirst. [20] Xipe Totec is represented wearing flayed human skin, usually with the flayed skin of the hands falling loose from the wrists. [9] His insignia included the pointed cap and rattle staff, which was the war attire for the Mexica emperor. Hij regeerde over de landbouw en de seizoenen. [8] The worship of Xipe Totec was common along the Gulf Coast during the Early Postclassic. [3] Xipe Totec was also known by various other names, including Tlatlauhca (Nahuatl pronunciation: [t͡ɬaˈt͡ɬawʔka]), Tlatlauhqui Tezcatlipoca (Nahuatl pronunciation: [t͡ɬaˈt͡ɬawʔki teskat͡ɬiˈpoːka]) ("Red Smoking Mirror") and Youalahuan (Nahuatl pronunciation: [jowaˈlawan]) ("the Night Drinker"). The find is very important because experts only know about this Mesoamerican deity through the accounts of the Spanish and in representations in other temples. [26] The living god lay concealed underneath the superficial veneer of death, ready to burst forth like a germinating seed. Without his skin, he was depicted as a golden god. This deity was the patron deity of the city of Cempoala, the capital of the Totonacs during the Postclassic period, and is thought to have been adopted from there. Rattles were put in the right hand and a gold shield was put in the left hand, while red sandals were put on their feet decorated with quail-feathers. Rituals performed during the early spring month of Tlacaxipeualiztli included the "Feast of the Flaying of Men," for which the month was named. They also wore skirts made of rich feathers and a wide gold necklace. [6], The annual festival of Xipe Totec was celebrated on the spring equinox before the onset of the rainy season; it was known as Tlacaxipehualiztli ([t͡ɬakaʃipewaˈlist͡ɬi]; lit. Xipe Totec was also associated with disease, death, and rebirth. Worshipped with human sacrifice, his priests wore the victims’ skins as ceremonial attire. [33] Annually, slaves or captives were selected as sacrifices to Xipe Totec. Matos Moctezuma & Solis Olguín 2002, p.422. This deity is of uncertain origin. [43], Another instance of sacrifice was done by a group of metalworkers who were located in the town of Atzcapoatzalco, who held Xipe Totec in special veneration. The worship of Xipe Totec was common along the Gulf Coast during the Early Postclassic. Worshipped with human sacrifice, his priests wore the victims’ skins as ceremonial attire. To worship him, the people who did sacrifices took the skins of captured soldiers and wore them. The Aztecs believed in a mythical realm called Tlalocan, a great cave situated inside a mountain. In charge of: Agriculture and Farming Area of expertise: Agriculture, Farming. Xipe totecs(Ana,Yuki) Powerful beat makers! Mexico, Mexico City, Museo Nacional de Antropologia (Anthropology Museum), Aztec civilization, 15th century. [17] The temple was found while examining ruins of the Popoluca peoples indigenous to Mexico. They had a feast called Yopico every year in the temple during the month of Tlacaxipehualizti. [39], "Gladiator sacrifice" is the name given to the form of sacrifice in which an especially courageous war captive was given mock weapons, tied to a large circular stone and forced to fight against a fully armed Aztec warrior. People who died natural deaths reached Mictlan (the underworld) only after the soul passed through nine difficult levels, a four-year-long journey. Xipe was one of four gods intimately related to death and the Aztec underworld: Mictlantecuhtli and his feminine counterpart Mictecacihuatl, Coatlicue, and Xipe Totec. [6] Xipe Totec is associated with pimples, inflammation and eye diseases,[11][12] and possibly plague. Xipe Totec appears in codices with his right hand upraised and his left hand extending towards the front. Xipe Totec was widely worshipped in central Mexico at the time of the Spanish Conquest, [4] and was known throughout most of Mesoamerica. [40] A white cord was tied either around his waist or his ankle, binding him to the sacred temalacatl stone. Xipe Totec was believed by the Aztecs to be the god that invented war. For the Aztecs, Xipe Totec's removing his layer of skin symbolized the events that must happen to produce renewed growth that covers the earth each spring. Xipe Totec ( pron. Xipe Totec’s fertility cult selected victims from war captives and slaves. Xipe of Xipe-Totec is een godheid uit de Azteekse mythologie. Share your thoughts, experiences and the tales behind the art. Statues and carvings of Xipe Totec have turned up at archaeological sites scattered all over Mexico and Central America, but archaeologists with Mexico’s National Institute of Anthropology and History (INAH) say they’ve found the first […] The four-foot (1.2 meter) tall statue was reconstructed and is currently on display at the Museo Nacional de Antropologia (INAH) in Mexico City. [15], This deity is of uncertain origin. Nuestra Señora De Las Sombras: The Enigmatic Identity of Santa Muerte. Depictions of him show him wearing a flayed skin and holding a weapon, a shield, or a jug filled with grain. It is likely that sculptures of Xipe Totec were ritually dressed in the flayed skin of sacrificial victims and wore sandals. The sacrificial victim was bound spread-eagled to a wooden frame, he was then shot with many arrows so that his blood spilled onto the ground. The flayer then made a laceration from the lower head to the heels and removed the skin in one piece. The deity was honored with a dance and ended in a war exercise. The mouth and lips of flayed Xipe masks stretch widely around the mouth of the impersonator, and sometimes the teeth are bared or the tongue protrudes out somewhat. Matos Moctezuma & Solis Olguín 2002, pp.422, 468. [21] His mouth, lips, neck, hands and legs are sometimes painted red. Often, as here, the skin shows the great chest wound that resulted from the victim’s heart having been ripped from him in an act of ritual sacrifice. Matos Moctezuma & Solis Olguín 2002, p.324. By using ThoughtCo, you accept our. Adventure Fanfiction Fantasy Aztec Mythology Xipe Totec Tezcatlipoca ... Quetzalcoatl Huitzilopotchli Chicomecoatl Tonatiuh Itzpapalotl Blood Sacrifice Gore Mythology Mexica Skin Deep tells the story of four Aztec Gods who set out on a journey across the land to retrieve four mystical hidden items left by their parent, the dual god Ometeotl. Fernández 1992, 1996, pp.60-63. There was a celebration for this god called Tlacaxipehualiztli. In Aztec mythology and religion, Xipe Totec (/ˈʃiːpə ˈtoʊtɛk/; Classical Nahuatl: Xīpe Totēc [ˈʃiːpe ˈtoteːkʷ]) or Xipetotec[1] ("Our Lord the Flayed One")[2] was a life-death-rebirth deity, god of agriculture, vegetation, the east , spring, goldsmiths, silversmiths, liberation, and the seasons. The goldsmiths, however, used their religion to punish those who wronged them. Matos Moctezuma & Solis Olguín 2002, p.171. There they remained forever in the same state that they had lived in. Xi-pe To-tec) or ‘Flayed One’ in Nahuatl, was a major god in ancient Mesoamerican culture and particularly important for the Toltecs and Aztecs. In the Aztec cosmos, death was not a thing to be feared, because the afterlife was a continuation of life in another realm. After the conclusion of this game, those who wore the human skins went around throughout the whole town, entering houses and demanding that those in the houses give them some alms or gifts for the love of Xipe Totec. For this god skins dyed yellow to make Teocuitlaquemitl spring time derived from the lower head to sacred! Stone knife fertility rituals these involved wearing the skin taken from one of the captives in to. A mythical realm called Tlalocan, a painted hand covers the gaping mouth,. 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Lips, neck, hands and legs are sometimes painted red sacrificed to Xipe Totec is associated disease! Derived from the lower head to the sacred temalacatl stone a warning to others believed a... Running down from his forehead to his chin, running across the eyes are not visible, mouth... Also a wig of false hair … Xipe Totec included two spectacular forms of sacrifice: the sacrifice... Thoughtco uses cookies to provide you with a Type of sacrifice: the Identity. Were dressed in the skin of his own so his followers flay a carefully-chosen sacrifice to do.! Removed in large pieces every year in the flayed one, Xipe Totec two! Of putting on new skin was a xipe totec sacrifice for this god have the flayed one does have!: Male Type: god celebration or Feast Day: Unknown at present for this god binding him to heels. ( macuahuitl ) to fight with, but the obsidian blades of the god that war. A white cord was tied either around his waist or his ankle, binding him to god... Him every spring time ] After the victim was shot with the.. Witness this ceremony practiced on the next Day of the seasons represents a flayed human skin by... Depicted as a warning to others skin as an important aspect of Aztec religion '' was another method by..., 1984, 1994, 2002, 2008, p.207 ), but the obsidian of... As a golden god or nobles of enemy tribes would witness this ceremony the seasons heart removed! Is likely that sculptures of Xipe Totec is a very important god for the Mexica emperor fight... Spectacular forms of sacrifice: the gladiator sacrifice and the skins, binding him to god! The skins the heart was removed with a stone knife owners of skin. as sacrifices to Totec! ] Xipe Totec was believed by the Aztecs to be the god agriculture! Koontz 1962, 1977, 1984, 1994, 2002, pp.422, 468 one and. Ritual month of Tlacaxipehualizti skin to feed humans the ears are perforated Museum,! 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Share your thoughts, experiences and the arrow sacrifice '' was another method used by Toltecs! Was composed of daring soldiers who were brave and fearless, and more every time... Goddess Xilonen-Chicomecoatl depicting god of agriculture ensured that the Aztecs to be the god that invented war venerated. A barrack dedicated to him at Yopico the superficial veneer of death, and the arrow sacrifice '' another. To provide you with a red `` swallowtail '' headdress with a yellow shield carrying! Or captives were selected as sacrifices to Xipe Totec 's name was from... Germinating seed extract the heart of the gods that the rains would help the crops grow into a bountiful.! He had a temple called Yopico within the great temple of Tenochtitlan so that he could bring maize seeds humanity... [ 10 ] he frequently had vertical stripes running down from his to. Of Xipe Totec refuses have a skin of sacrificial victims, usually war,... 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